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1. In the laboratory hemocue machine is used for estimation of
a) Glucose
b) Hemoglobin
c) Urea (B)
d) Bilirubin
e) Creatinine
2. Malaria infection can be identified by using
a) SD Bioline for Syphilis
b) Glucoplus
c) mRDT (C)
d) Unigold
e) SD Bioline HIV 1/2
DOWNLOAD BANK QUESTIONS OF CLINICAL LABORATORY
3. Adult male person in normal circumstance has hemoglobin level of
a) 12.5 – 15.5 g/dl
b) 11.5 – 14.5g/dl
c) 13.5 – 18.0g/dl (C)
d) 14.5 – 20.0g/dl
e) 10.5 – 15.0g/dl
4. A person with antigen A and antibody B has blood group
a) O group
b) B group
c) AB group
d) A group (D)
e) C group
5. Specimen of choice for Schistosoma Mansoni is
a) Sputum
b) Urine
c) Stool (C)
d) Pus
e) HVS
6. A person with antigen B and antibody A has
a) Blood group B
b) Blood group A
c) Blood group O (A)
d) Blood group AB
e) Blood group C
7. When SD Bioline HIV½ is reactive then it is confirmed by:-
a) Determine
b) Unigold
c) ELISA
d) Culture (B)
e) Gram stain
8. After using a vacutainer needle should be disposed in
a) Red waste bin
b) Black waste bin
c) Yellow waste bin ( D)
d) Sharps container
e) Any waste bin nearby
9. In gram stain, gram negative bacteria appear
a) Purple/blue color
b) Red/pink color
c) Black color
d) Green color (B )
e) Yellow color
10. In Ziehl Neelsen stain mycobacterium tuberculae appear ………against background.
a) Blue
b) Purple
c) Red (C)
d) Black
e) Yellow
SECTION B: MULTIPLE TRUE/FALSE (10marks)
1. Regarding glucose testing
a) F Fasting is testing 4 hrs after meal
b) T Random is testing any time
c) T Post prandial is testing 2 hrs after meal
d) T Glucose tolerance test can confirm diabetic
e) F Normal range of fasting is about 2.5 - 4.5mmol/l
2. The following are instruments/equipment’s used in laboratory
a) T Centrifuge machine
b) T Microscope
c) F E.C.G machine
d) F Ultrasound machine
e) T Hemocue machine
3. Concerning laboratory safety rules
a) F Eating or drinking is allowed in the laboratory
b) T Do not run in the laboratory
c) T Wear laboratory coat when entering laboratory
d) F When a specimen container not leaking you can take it without
Wearing gloves.
e) T Handle all specimen as infection
4. Concerning syphilis testing methods
a) T (VDRL) Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
b) T SD Bio line syphilis rapid test
c) T Dark ground illuminator microscope (DGI)
d) F Fluorescent microscope
e) F Widal test.
SECTION C: MATCHING ITEMS (10 marks)
Matching the following appearance of urine in column A against possible cause in column B.
COLUMN A
|
COLUMN B |
1. F Cloudy | A. Bacroftian filariasis
|
2. C Red and Cloudy | B. Malaria parasites
|
3. A Milky white | C. UTI, Schistosomiasis
|
4. G Yellow/green/Brown | D. Certain poison eg phenol
|
5. D Black | E. Trypanosomiasis
|
| F. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
|
| G. Liver disease,jaundice
|
| H. Heart disease
|
Match the following hemoglobin’s level in column A against corresponding condition in column B
COLUMN A
|
COLUMN B |
1. G 140g/L
| A.Normal level for children age 2-5yrs |
2. D 120g/L
| B: Mild Anaemia |
3. E 130g/L
| C: Moderate Anaemia |
4. C 100g/L
| D: Normal level for women |
5. H <70g/L
| F: High level for children |
| E. |
| G: Normal level for Newborn |
| H. Severe Anaemia |
SECTION D: SHORT ANSWER (40 marks)
1. List five Gram negative organisms
Answer
i) Escherichia coli
ii) Klebsiella pneumoniae
iii) Proteus mirabilis
iv) Pseudomons aureginosa
v) Vibrio Cholerae
vi) Salmonella
vii) Shigella
viii) Neisseria
ix) Brucella
x) Haemophilus
2. Mention five (5) intestinal round worms
Answer
i) Hookworm
ii) Ascaris lumblicoides
iii) Enterobius vermicularis
iv) Trichuris trichiura
v) Strongloides stercolaris
3. Severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria can lead to
Answer
i) Cerebral malaria
ii) Black water fever
iii) Severe anaemia
iv) Hypoglycaemia
v) Complications in pregnancy
4. List five types of white blood cells which can be seen in a blood smear
Answer
i) Neutrophils
ii) Basophils
iii) Eosinophils
iv) Lymphocytes
v) Monocytes
vi) Platelets
5. Mention any five protozoan trophozoite
Answer
i) Entamoeba histolytica
ii) Giardia lamblia
iii) Trichomonas vaginalis
iv) Balantidium coli
v) Malaria parasite
6. List five glass ware used in the laboratory
Answer
i) Measuring cylinder
ii) Volumetric flasks
iii) Microscope slides
iv) Pipettes ( graduated pipettes)
v) Petri dishes
vi) Universal bottle (urine container reusable)
vii) Glass test tubes
7. Mention five routine specimen which can be collected in the laboratory
Answer
i) Blood
ii) Stool
iii) Urine
iv) Swab specimen (pus, Exudates)
v) Sputum
vi) Skin scrapings
8. Mention any five stain solutions used in the laboratory
Answer
i) Gram stain
ii) Ziehl Neelsen stain
iii) Field’s stain
iv) Giemsa stain
v) Leishman stain
vi) Simple stain
vii) Negative stain
SECTION E: ESSAY QUESTION
1. Describe field staining technique under the following subheadings:-
i) Staining procedure (6 marks)
ii) Expected results ( 2 marks)
iii) Four parasites can be identified by the technique (2marks)
i) Staining procedure
- Dip the dried thick film into fields stain A for 4 seconds, Drain off the stain.
- Wash gently for about 5 second in clean water
- Drain off excess water
- Dip the slide into fields stain B for 4 seconds
- Drain off excess stain
- Wash gently in clean water for 5seconds
- Wipe the back of the slide clean and place it upright is a draining rack for the film to air – dry.
ii) Expected results
- Chromatin (nuclear) of parasite – appear dark red
- Cytoplasm– appear blue
iii) Four parasites can be identified
i) Malaria parasites
ii) Trypanosoma
iii) Microfilaria
iv) Leishmania
v) Borrelia
2. Explain wet preparation for stool and urine for identification of parasites
Answer
Definition(1 Mark)
Is the microscopic technique which use Normal saline (0.85%) and iodine to investigate parasite in stool and urine.
Material required(1 Mark)
-Glass slide
-Cover slip
-Microscope
-Applicator stick
-Centrifuge machine
-Iodine
-Normal saline(0.85%)
-Centrifuge tube
-Waste container
-PPE
Wet preparation for stool (2 marks)
- Emulsify stool in a normal saline put on a glass slide
- Make a homogenous mixture
- Cover with cover slip
- Examine under microscope using 10x objective lens and confirm by using 40x objective lens.
Four parasite can be found is stool (2 marks)
- Hook worm ova
- Ascaris ova
- Schistoma mansoni ova
- Taenia ova
- Giardia lamblia trophozoites and cyst
- Balatidium coli trophozoite and cyst
- Strongloides stercolaris larva
- Trichuris trichiura ova
NOTE: He/she should mention at least 4 parasites
Urine wet preparation (3 marks)
a) Pour urine into a centrifuge test tube
b) Centrifuge at speed of 3000 r.p.m for 5 -10 minutes
c) Pour supernatant
d) Tilt the tube to mix the deposit
e) Pour into a slide a drop of deposit.
f) Cover with cover slip
g) Examine under microscope using 10x objective lens then confirm by 40x objective lens.
· Parasites can be found in urine (1 mark)
- Schistosoma haematobium ova
- Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites
3. Describe procedure for HIV rapid test currently used in Tanzania ( 10 marks)
Definition
HIV rapid test is an immunochromatography technique which is used to defect HIV antibodies in blood. Specimen for this technique includes whole blood, serum and plasma. (1 mark)
Principle of the test (1 mark)
- Antibody + antigen=agglutination which is detected as a colour change (reactive/positive test).
- No Antibody + Antigen= No agglutination no colour change (non-reactive
/negative test)
HIV rapid tests test used in Tanzania
SD Bio line HIV rapid test (3 marks)
Procedure
a) Serum ,plasma or whole blood is used
b) Pipette required amount of specimen and add to the device well ( 10 ml for serum or plasma, 20 ml for whole blood)
c) Add three drops of essay diluent
d) Wait for 20 minutes
e) Read the results.
Results (1mark)
a) One line on “C” area – non reactive
b) Two lines on “C” and “T” 1 OR 2 – Reactive
c) No line or line T 1 or 2 – invalid
Unigold HIV rapid test (3marks)
Procedure
a) Collect specimen using the disposable pipette
b) Add two drops (Approx.60µl) of specimen to the sample pot in the device
c) Add two drops (Approx.60µl.) of the appropriate reagent to sample pot.
d) Wait for 10 minutes (no longer than 20 min) before reading the results.
e) Read and record results.
Results (1 mark)
a) One line in control area – non reactive
b) Two lines in control and test area – reactive
c) No line in the control area – invalid.
NB: When performing HIV rapid test control positive and negative must be available
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