CLINICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS | MEDICAL LABORATORY MLT 5

1. 2. Mention five (5) anticoagulant used in Clinical chemistry.

2. Explain the uses of anticoagulant used in Clinical chemistry.

3. Explain the color coding for the vials (vacutainer) used in clinical chemistry.

4. Mention at least five (5) urine preservatives used in Clinical chemistry.

5. Explain the uses/purposes of urine preservative in Clinical chemistry.

6. Give the preferred preservatives for 24-hour urine for the following tests;

Glucose
total protein
pH
Creatinine
oxalate

7. Explain the processes involved in urine formation.

8. Explain the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

9. Explain the functions of kidneys.

10. Mention the normal chemical composition of urine.

Describe what you understand by the following terms.

i. Hyperglycaemia

ii. Hypoglycaemia

iii. Glucose Tolerance

iv. Glycolysis

v. Gluconeogenesis

12. List five (5) substrates which participate in glycolytic pathway in ascending order.

13. List five (5) substrates which participate in glycolytic pathway in descending order.

14. List five (5) enzymes which participate in glycolytic pathway in ascending order.

15. List five (5) enzymes which participate in glycolytic pathway in descending order.

16. List all enzymes involved in glycolysis.

17. Describe citric cycle.

18. Explain the main role of insulin in glucose tolerance.

19. List five (5 ) hormones antagonistic to insulin.

20. Give the function of each of the following proteins;

Globulin
Albumin
Immunoglobulin

21. Describe four stages of protein structures.

22. Describe properties that affect protein structures.

23. Give the source of the following NPN compounds;

i. Amino acids

ii. Ammonia…..

iii. Urea…………..

iv. Creatinine…...

v. Uric acid………

24. Give factors that may lead to the following conditions;

i. Hyperuraemia

ii. Hyperuricaemia

iii. Creatininemia

25. Mention all enzymes used in urea cycle.

26. Describe urea cycle.

27. Explain the clinical importance of NPN compounds.

28. Compare creatinine and urea as markers of renal function.

29. Describe factors that affect serum level of creatinine.

30. Describe factors that affect serum level of urea.

31. Mention the mitochondrial enzymes of Ornithine cycle.

32. Mention the cytosol enzymes of ornithine cycle.

33. Define the following terms;

i. Polyuria

ii. Haemoglobinuria

iii. Hematuria

iv. Oliguria

v. Dysuria

vi. Anuria

vii. Glycosuria

viii. Proteinuria.

34. List five chemical composition of urine.

35. List five abnormal chemical findings of urine.

36. Describe characteristics of urine.

37. Describe urinalysis as one of the test done in clinical chemistry department.

38. Explain the reason of doing urinalysis.

39. Mention five diseases that can be diagnosed by urinalysis.

40. What is the normal blood glucose level?

41. Describe hormones responsible for blood glucose level regulation.

42. Mention five (5) hormones which are antagonistic to insulin.

43. Describe the signs and symptoms of diabetic patients.

44. Give the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes inspidus.

45. Explain the common conditions that lead to abnormal blood glucose levels.

46. Explain five mechanisms of controlling blood glucose level.

47. Describe blood screening test in gestational diabetes mellitus.

48. Mention five(5) causes of pre-hepatic jaundice.

49. Mention five(5) causes of hepatic jaundice.

50. Mention five(5) causes of post-hepatic jaundice.

51. Define renal function tests.

52. List five renal function tests.

53. Define the terms; conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, urobilinogen, stercobilinogen & stercobilin.

54. Explain bilirubin formation.

55. Describe the biliary system.

56. Explain the functions of the liver.

57. Define the following terms;

i. Clinical chemistry

ii. Biochemistry

iii. Anticoagulants &

iv. Preservatives.

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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY QUESTIONS | MEDICAL LABORATORY MLT 5