PHYSIOLOGY | POSSIBLE QUESTIONS | DOWNLOAD
1. Mention four (4) functions of serum proteins
Answer
· Transportation of lipids, vitamins etc
· Immune system – antibodies
· Act as enzymes
· Hemostasis – blood clotting
· Regulation of blood pressure (Oncotic pressure)
2. Name three (3) major electrolytes in the extracellular fluid compartment
Answer
· Sodium
· Calcium
· Chloride
· Bicarbonate
3. Mention four (4) functions of the kidney
Answer
· Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
· Regulation of water and electrolytes balance
· Regulation of body fluid osmolarity and electrolyte concentration
· Regulation of arterial blood pressure
· Regulation oof acid – base balance
· Secretion, metabolism and excretion of hormones
· Gluconeogenesis
4. What is the function of Kidney in glucose metabolism?
Answer
· Kidney synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursor (i.e Gluconeogenesis)
5. Define the term “micturition”
Answer
· Micturition is the process by which the urinary bladder empties when it become filled
6. State two (2) major functions of Vitamin B12
Answer
· Promotion of growth
· Promotion of Red blood cell formation and maturation
7. Name four (4) Vitamin K – dependent clotting factors
Answer
· Factor II (Prothrombin)
· Factor VII
· Factor IX
· Factor X
8. Name the basic function of Vitamin A
Answer
· Formation of visual pigments
9. Enumerate two (2) importance of cholesterol in the body
Answer
· Component of cell membranes
· Precursor in the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids and Vitamin D
10. Mention type of antibody against Red blood cells present in each of the following blood group
a) Group A
b) Group B
c) Group O
Answer
a) Antibody against B antigen
b) Antibody against A antigen
c) Antibodies against A and B antigens
11. State the Starling forces which determine filtration across the capillary membrane
Answer
· Blood hydrostatic pressure
· Blood osmotic (Oncotic) pressure
· Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
· Interstitial osmotic (Oncotic) pressure
12. What is the function of Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?
Answer
· ACTH stimulate secretion of glucocorticoids steroid hormones from adrenal cortex cells
13. Name any four (4) transcellular fluids
Answer
· Cerebrospinal fluids
· Mucus
· Synovial fluid
· Vitreous humor
· Aqueous humor
· Pleural fluid
· Peritoneal fluid
14. Mention four (4) functions of epithelial tissues
Answer
· Protection of underlying tissues
· Absorption
· Secretion
· Reception of sensory stimuli
15. Name five (5) hormones secreted from the hypothalamus
Answer
· Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
· Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
· Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
· Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
· Somatostatin
· Dopamine
16. What will be the result of excessive activity of Parathyroid gland?
Answer
· Rapid absorption of calcium salt from bones
· Hypercalcemia results in the extracellular fluid compartment
17. Mention three (3) types of Lipoproteins
Answer
· Very low density lipoprotein
· Low density lipoprotein
· High density lipoprotein
18. State three (3) metabolic effects of Insulin
Answer
· Stimulate glucose uptake by muscles and connective tissues
· Increase conversion of glucose to glycogen
· Prevent breakdown of protein and fats
· Decrease Glycogenolysis
19. Mention two (2) hormone from the anterior Pituitary which target direct the Gonads
Answer
· Follicle stimulating hormone
· Lutenizing hormone
20. Name the three (3) steps in urine formation
Answer
· Filtration
· Reabsorption
· Secretion
21. State three (3) functions of lymph
Answer
· Remove metabolic waste from the tissue cells
· Maintain the composition of tissue fluid
· Absorb fats from the small intestine through lymphatic vessels
· Act against the pathogenic infections of microbes
· Supply nutrients to the body
22. Mention three (3) function of the nose in respiration
Answer
· Warm air
· Humidify air
· Filter air
23. What are the two (2) important components in calculation of Cardiac output?
Answer
· Stroke volume
· Heart rate
24. Enumerate four (4) functions of hepatocytes
Answer
· Bile production
· Storage
· Detoxification
· Phagocytosis
· Synthesis of blood components
25. Mention five (5) components of heart conduction system
Answer
· Sinoatrial node
· Atrioventricular node
· Bundle of His
· Bundle branches
· Purkinje fibres
26. State the function of each of the following;
a) Intrinsic factor
b) Pepsin
c) Gastric mucus
Answer
a) Intrinsic factor combines with Vitamin B12 and makes it absorbable
b) Pepsin breakdown protein into peptides
c) Gastric mucus lubricate food and act as protective barrier of the lining epithelium
27. Mention three (3) functions of Hydrochloric acid produced from the Parietal cells
Answer
· Convert Pepsinogen to Pepsin
· Destroy some bacterial and microbes
· Provide optimal PH environment for Pepsin
· Stimulate the small intestine to release Secretin and CCK
28. Mention three (3) major features which increase the absorptive surface of the small intestine
Answer
· Presence of mucosal folds
· Presence of villi
· Luminal plasma membrane has microvilli
29. State the process of starch and lipid digestion in the oral cavity of human being.
Answer
· Starch will be converted to sugar by Salivary amylase
· Lipid will not be changed as Lingual lipase is inactive
30. Name three (3) end products of carbohydrate digestion which can easily be absorbed
Answer
· Glucose
· Fructose
· Galactose
31. State function of each of the following enzymes;
a) Pancreatic amylase
b) Pancreatic lipase
c) Nuclease
Answer
a) Pancreatic amylase breakdown starch into simple sugar
b) Pancreatic lipase breakdown fats into fatty acids and glycerol
c) Nuclease breakdown nucleic acids into nucleotide
32. Name three (3) groups of hormones according to chemical nature
Answer
· Steroid hormones
· Peptide hormones
· Amine hormones
33. Name three (3) functions of lymph nodes
Answer
· Filtration
· Phagocytosis
· Haematopoiesis
34. Differentiate between Tidal volume and Residual volume
Answer
· Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired of expired with each normal breath
· WHILE Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
35. Mention four (4) pulmonary capacities used in Physiology
Answer
· Inspiratory capacity
· Functional residual capacity
· Vital capacity
· Total lung capacity
36. Mention two (2) hormones stored in the posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland
Answer
· Oxytocin
· Antidiuretic (Vasopressin) hormone
37. Name four (4) major types of tissue in human body
Answer
· Epithelial tissue
· Muscular tissue
· Connective tissue
· Nervous tissue
38. Define the term “Gluconeogenesis”
Answer
· Gluconeogenesis is the formation of carbohydrates (glucose) from proteins and fats
39. What are the end product of glycolysis in the following situation;
a) Aerobic respiration
b) Anaerobic respiration
Answer
a) Aerobic respiration: Pyruvic acid
b) Anaerobic respiration: Lactic acid
40. What is the meaning of “Pleural effusion”?
Answer
· Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
41. Lipids include several types of chemical compounds. Mention three (3)
Answer
· Neutral fat
· Phospholipids
· Cholesterol
42. State the function of erythropoietin hormone
Answer
· Erythropoietin hormone stimulate the production of red blood cells
43. Mention four (4) major electrolytes in the Intracellular fluid compartment
Answer
· Potassium
· Magnesium
· Phosphate
· Protein
44. Name two (2) important vitamins during formation and maturation of Red blood cells
Answer
· Vitamin B9 (Folate)
· Vitamin B12
45. Mention four (4) fat soluble vitamins
Answer
· Vitamin A
· Vitamin D
· Vitamin E
· Vitamin K
46. Name two (2) major periods/phases of cardiac cycle
Answer
· Diastole
· Systole
47. Mention two major hormones involved in Calcium regulation
Answer
· Parathyroid hormone
· Active Vitamin D
48. State how “Pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine gland”
Answer
· Pancreas is exocrine because it has duct draining pancreatic juice in the intestine
· Pancreas is endocrine because it secretes hormones like Insulin direct into the blood stream
49. Enumerate three (3) functions of Oxytocin hormone
Answer
· Milk ejection in lactating mothers
· Uterine contractions like during labour
· Reduces excretion of urine (Antidiuretic effect)
50. Mention four (4) physiological effects of Thyroxine hormone on Cardiovascular system
Answer
· Increase blood flow to the body tissue
· Increase cardiac output
· Increase heart rate
· Increase heart strength
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